There are a paucity of data in the literature regarding the natural history in patients with subclavian artery occlusive disease. The left subclavian artery is more frequently involved than the ...

Angiography revealed retrograde flow in the left internal thoracic artery graft (shown in a video).

[14] Vascular Access Access to the subclavian artery can be obtained from either ... as well as offering an easier path to cross these occlusions in a retrograde fashion. Techniques for ...