"Brutalism" arose from Le Corbusier's use of "beton brut" -- French for "raw concrete." As such, brutalism is characterized by massive raw concrete structures, roughness, geometric complexity ...

The buildings in the Ivry masterplan achieve, or attempt to achieve, a fine balance, where some urban quarters necessitated a restrained brutalism ... the upper floors to Le Corbusier's apartment ...

Brutalism is a style of architecture that ... Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier; Kentucky-born Paul Rudolph; Austrian ...

Brutalism rose to prominence in the 1950s after architect Le Corbusier completed his first building in France under Unité d'Habitation, a design principle for brutalist residential housing.