Beneath the deep shade of the boreal conifers, the forest floor is cold, dark, and damp. The ground cover varies from bare patches of partially decayed conifer needles and debris to a profusion of ...

A new book details how lignin once protected algae from UV radiation, then later in evolutionary time became a structural ...

Drip tips - plants have leaves with pointy tips ... Buttress roots close buttress rootsA tree root that grows above the forest floor to provide nutrients and support. - large roots have ridges ...