They are predominantly caused by congenital malformations of the urinary tract and ... bladder lithiasis (2%), obstructive megaureter in duplex systems (1%), ureterocele in duplex systems (1%), ...

The following are key points to remember from a state-of-the-art review on the care of adults with congenital heart disease for noncongenital cardiologists: The authors identify seven guiding ...

At present there is no universally accepted nomenclature for congenital cardiac malformations. Much of the controversy results from failure to distinguish the structural connections of the heart from ...