As the temperature drops, extracellular water begins to freeze, leaving behind a slush of concentrated solutes. In an attempt to dilute those solutes, water rushes out of the cell (3), causing ...

SP Scientific announces the introduction of the LyoModelling Calculator (LMC) - a powerful new software utility that enables those developing freeze drying cycles to calculate the time required for ...

Generally, the water within the plant’s cells freeze, and that ice can injure cell membranes, ultimately killing the plant. Some vegetable plants will “bolt” during a freeze. This causes the ...