The term "Enlightenment," rooted in an intellectual skepticism to traditional beliefs and dogmas, denotes an "illumined" contrast to the supposed dark and superstitious character of the Middle Ages.

But how did these cultural changes come about and spread in the period of fundamental change in Europe? How did the Enlightenment turn into the Industrial ... is what happened in eighteenth-century ...

In Berlin 40,000 people gathered to hear German Minister of Public Enlightenment ... era of extreme Jewish intellectualism is now at an end. ... The future German man will not just be a man of ...