Background A 29-year-old woman presented with chest pressure, progressive dyspnea, fatigue, and swelling of her face, neck and upper extremities. Four days earlier, she had undergone a procedure ...

The IVC goes from the diaphragm into the right side of the heart, beneath the entrance of the superior vena cava. A few veins merge and drain into the IVC before it makes its way up to the heart ...

and the normal right inferior vena cava (open arrowhead). The embryologically paired superior cardinal veins normally form the SVC on the right and the coronary sinus on the left. Left-sided SVC ...

[9] Endothelial disruption caused by repeated trauma from the leads is thought to be responsible for SVC fibrotic stenosis, usually occurring above the right atrium, as seen in this patient.