Diagnosis Superior vena cava syndrome due to thrombotic obstruction---a complication of a cardiac procedure. Management Anticoagulation, catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy, mechanical ...

ALTHOUGH ligation of the inferior vena cava for prevention of pulmonary emboli is being performed increasingly often a difference of opinion still exists regarding the choice between inferior-vena ...

but—like the inferior vena cava—as sufficiently central. When considering a separate superior inflow congestion (for example, goiter), only the same limitations apply as in the sonographic ...