Any of the following were criteria for inclusion in the study: 1) a renal pelvic stone with complications, such as nephroptosis, ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO), or retrocaval ureter ...
For patients with UPJO, retrocaval ureter and nephroptosis, laparoscopic treatment has obvious merits over other minimally invasive methods. We removed obstructions of the urinary tract by ...
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