Men and women show distinct stress responses, shaped by HPA axis, brain regions, and neurotransmitters. Cortisol variability ...

In stage 1 the first dysfunction observed as a consequence of the progression of the autoimmune process is an initial increase of PRA, at a time when normal ACTH-cortisol axis response is still ...

Medically reviewed by Isabel Casimiro, MD, PhD Fact checked by Nick Blackmer The adrenal glands are two small glands located ...

thereby contributing to determining an adrenal hyperandrogenic state. Finally, overactivity of the HPA axis may be related to the high prevalence of psychopathological and eating disorders in ...